Atestat Coca Cola

Introduction More than a century after the creation of Coca-Cola,we’re still as much in love with this famous soft drink as our great-grandparents were. Hold up a Coke and you proclaim all that’s best about the American way of life. Coca-Cola is also one of the most successful companies the world has ever known; nothing can be that big and popular, so much a part of everyday life,without having legends spring up around it. The history of Coca-Cola is a story of special moments – times with family and friends and special occasions when Coke was naturally there.Every person who drinks a Coca-Cola enjoys a moment of refreshment-and share in an experience that millions of others have savored. And all of those individual experiences combined have created a worldwide phenomenon – a truly global brand that plays its own small part on the world stage. Coca-Cola touches the lives of millions of people each and every day. The brand has become a special part of peopl e’s lives. Refreshment is a language everyone understands and no one speaks it better than Coca-Cola. This is the reason why I decided to write about â€Å"America’s Real Choiceâ€Å", Coca-Cola. So†¦Have a Coke and a smile ! ( History Birth of Coca Cola It was 1886, and in New York Harbor, workers were constructing the Statue of Liberty. Eight hundred miles away, another great American symbol was about to be unveiled. Like many people who change history, John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist, was inspired by simple curiosity. One afternoon, he stirred up a fragrant, caramel-colored liquid and, when it was done, he carried it a few doors down to Jacobs' Pharmacy. Here, the mixture was combined with carbonated water and sampled by customers who all agreed — this new drink was something special.So Jacobs' Pharmacy put it on sale for five cents a glass. Pemberton's bookkeeper, Frank Robinson, named the mixture Coca-Cola ®, and wrote it out in his distinct script. To this day, Coca-Cola is written the same way. In the first year, Pemberton sold just 9 glasses of Coca-Cola a day. A century later, The Coca-Cola Company produced more than 10 billion gallons of syrup. Unfortunately for Pemberton, he died in 1888 without realizing the success of the beverage he had created. Over the course of three years, 1888-1891, Atlanta businessman Asa Griggs Candler secured rights to the business for a total of about $2,300.Candler would become the Company's first president, and the first to bring real vision to the business and the brand. [pic] New Coke On April 23, 1985, Coca-Cola, amid much publicity, attempted to change the  formula  of the drink with â€Å"New Coke†. Follow-up taste tests revealed that most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and  Pepsi. New Coke was the unofficial name of the sweeter formulation introduced in 1985 by The Cola-Cola Company to replace its flagship soft drink,Cola-Cola or Coke.Proper ly speaking,it had no separate name of its own, but simply known as â€Å"the new taste of Coca-Cola â€Å", until 1992 when it was renamed Coca-Cola II. Public reaction to the change was devastating,and the new Cola quickly entered the pantheon of major marketing flops . The subsequent reintroduction of Coke’s original formula led to a significant gain in sales. [pic] [pic] 21st Century On February 7,2005, the Coca-Cola Company announced that in the second quarter of 2005 they planned a launch of a Diet Coke product sweetened with the artificial sweetener sucralose (â€Å"Splenda†), the same sweetener currently used in Pepsi One.On March 21,2005,it announced another diet product, â€Å"Coca-Cola Zero†, sweetened partly with a blend of aspartame and acesulfame potassium. Recently Coca-Cola has begun to sell a new â€Å"healthy soda† Diet Coke with Vitamins B6, B12, Magnesium, Niacin and Zinc, marketed as â€Å"Diet Coke Plus†. In April 2007, in C anada, the name â€Å"Coca-Cola Classic† was changed back to â€Å"Coca-Cola†. The word â€Å"Classic† was removed because â€Å"New Coke† as no longer in production, eliminated the need to differentiate between the two. The formula remained unchanged.Production Original formula [pic] The  Coca-Cola formula  is  The Coca-Cola Company's secret recipe for  Coca-Cola. As a  publicity,  marketing and  intellectual property  protection strategy started by  Robert W. Woodruff, the company presents the formula as a closely held  trade secret known only to a few employees, mostly  executives. Published versions say it contains  sugar  or  high fructose corn syrup,  caramel color,  caffeine,  phosphoric acid,  coca extract,  kola nut  extract,  lime  extract,  vanilla, and  glycerin.The basic â€Å"cola† taste from Coca-Cola and competing cola drinks comes mainly from  vanilla  and  cinnamon; distinctive tastes among various brands are the result of trace flavorings such as  orange,  lime  and  lemon  and spices such as  nutmeg. Some natural colas also include  cola nut; Coca-Cola does not, and chemical testing reveals none. Coca-Cola was originally one of hundreds of coca-based medicines that claimed benefits to health; in Coca-Cola's case it claimed to alleviate headaches and to be a â€Å"brain and nerve tonic†. Coca leaves were used in its preparation, and the small amounts of cocaine provided a buzz to drinkers.In 1903 Coca-Cola removed cocaine from the formula, started using caffeine as the buzz-giving element,[and started dropping all the medicinal claims. Coca-Cola replaced unprocessed coca leaves with â€Å"spent† coca leaves, which have gone through a cocaine extraction process, and served only to flavor the beverage. These changes were in response to increasing pressure from the  Food and Drug Administration, which was carrying a campaign ag ainst harmful food ingredients and misleading claims, under the direction of  Harvey Washington Wiley.The coca leaves are imported from Peru, and they are treated by US chemical company  Stepan, which then sells the de-cocainized residue to Coca-Cola. Since 1929, the beverage only contains trace amounts of cocaine  alkaloids, not enough to have any effect. The  Coca-Cola Company  currently refuses to confirm whether Coca-Cola still contains spent  coca  leaves, saying that this is part of the secret formula. In 1911 the Food and Drug Administration tried to get caffeine removed from Coca-Cola's formula in  United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, claiming that it was harmful to health.The FDA lost the case, but the decision was partly reversed in 1916 by the Supreme Court. Coca-Cola settled to avoid further litigation, paying all legal costs and reducing the amount of caffeine in its product. The government passed bills forcing caffeine to be list ed in the ingredient list of beverages. Other formulas In the United States, Coca-Cola normally uses  high-fructose corn syrup  instead of  sugar  as its main sweetener, due to the combined effect of corn subsidies and sugar import tariffs making HFCS substantially cheaper.There are two main sources of sugar-based Coca-Cola in the United States: Kosher Coca-Cola – produced for  Passover  is sold in 2-liter bottles with a yellow cap marked with an OU-P, indicating that the  Orthodox Jewish Union  certifies the soda as  Kosher for Passover, or with a white cap with a CRC-P indicating that the certification is provided by the  Chicago Rabbinical Council. While the usual Coca-Cola formula is  kosher  (the original  glycerin  from  beef tallow  having been replaced by vegetable glycerin), during Passover  Ashkenazi Jews  do not consume  Kitniyot, which prevents them from consuming high fructose corn syrup (HFCS).Even sugar-based formulas would still require certification of both the formula and the specific bottling plant, as the strictures of  Kashrut  on Passover are far higher and more complicated than usual kosher observance. Mexican Coca-Cola – In the  United States, there is strong demand from Latin-American immigrant customers for the Coke they drank â€Å"back home†, so Mexican sugar-based Coca-Cola in  traditional contour bottles  is sold in ethnic markets. In recent times, a cult following has emerged amongst younger Coke drinkers who believe this to be the pre-New Coke original formula.The company advises people seeking a sugar-based Coca-Cola to buy â€Å"Mexican Coke†. Coca-Cola commercial : On January 23, 2011, during an NFL commercial, Coca-Cola teased that they would share the secret formula only to flash a comical â€Å"formula† for a few frames. This required the use of DVR to freeze on the formula for any analysis, which ultimately proved to be a marketing ploy wit h no intention of sharing the full official formula. Ingredients listed in the commercial: Nutmeg Oil, Lime Juice, Cocoa, Vanilla, Caffeine, â€Å"flavoring†, and a smile. pic] Bottle design The equally famous Coca-Cola bottle, called the â€Å"contour bottle† within the company, but known to some as the â€Å"hobble skirt† bottle, was created by bottle designer  Earl R. Dean. In 1915, the  Coca-Cola Company  launched a competition among its bottle suppliers to create a new bottle for their beverage that would distinguish it from other beverage bottles, â€Å"a bottle which a person could recognize even if they felt it in the dark, and so shaped that, even if broken, a person could tell at a glance what it was. † Chapman J.Root, president of  the Root Glass Company  of  Terre Haute, Indiana, turned the project over to members of his supervisory staff, including company auditor T. Clyde Edwards, plant superintendent Alexander Samuelsson, and  Earl R. Dean, bottle designer and supervisor of the bottle molding room. Root and his subordinates decided to base the bottle's design on one of the soda's two ingredients, the  coca leaf  or the  kola nut, but were unaware of what either ingredient looked like. Dean and Edwards went to the  Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library  and were unable to find any information about coca or kola.Instead, Dean was inspired by a picture of the gourd-shaped  cocoa pod  in theEncyclop? dia Britannica. Dean made a rough sketch of the pod and returned to the plant to show Root. He explained to Root how he could transform the shape of the pod into a bottle. Root gave Dean his approval. Chapman Root approved the prototype bottle and a  design patent  was issued on the bottle in November, 1915. The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base, making it unstable on  conveyor belts. Dean resolved this issue by decreasing the bottle's middl e diameter.During the 1916 bottler's convention, Dean's contour bottle was chosen over other entries and was on the market the same year. By 1920, the contour bottle became the standard for the  Coca-Cola Company. Today, the contour Coca-Cola bottle is one of the most recognized packages on the planet†¦ â€Å"even in the dark! â€Å". In 1997, Coca-Cola introduced a â€Å"contour can,† similar in shape to its famous bottle, on a few test markets, including Terre Haute, Indiana. The can has never been widely released. A new slim and tall can began to appear in Australia on December 20, 2006; it cost AU$1. 95.The cans have a resemblance to  energy drink  cans. The cans were commissioned by Domino's Pizza and are available exclusively at their restaurants. In January 2007, Coca-Cola Canada changed â€Å"Coca-Cola Classic† labeling, removing the â€Å"Classic† designation, leaving only â€Å"Coca-Cola. † Coca-Cola stated this is merely a name cha nge and the product remains the same. The cans still bear the â€Å"Classic† logo in the United States. In 2007, Coca-Cola introduced an aluminum can designed to look like the original glass Coca-Cola bottles. In 2007, the company's logo on cans and bottles changed.The cans and bottles retained the red color and familiar typeface, but the design was simplified, leaving only the logo and a plain white swirl (the â€Å"dynamic ribbon†). In 2008, in some parts of the world, the plastic bottles for all Coke varieties (including the larger 1. 5- and 2-liter bottles) were changed to include a new plastic  screw cap  and a slightly taller contoured bottle shape, designed to evoke the old glass bottles. [pic] [pic] [pic] Advertising Slogans for Coca-Cola Throughout the years, the slogans used in advertising for Coca-Cola have reflected not only the brand,but the times.Slogans provide a simple, direct way to communicate about Coca-Cola. The 1906 slogan, â€Å"The Great Nat ional Temperance Beverage†, reflects a time when the society in the United States was veering away fron alcoholic beverages, and Coca-Cola provided a nice alternative. Other slogans have concerned our sales figures, such as â€Å"Three Million a Day† from 1927 or â€Å" Six Million a Day† from 1925. In terms of drinks a day, that’s a vast difference from the one billion a day mark The Coca-Cola Company passed in 1997.Some slogans for Coca-Cola have concentrated on the quality of the product, its refreshing taste,or even its role in entertaining,as in 1948’s â€Å"Where There’s Coke There’s Hospitality†. In 1985, the introduction of a new taste of Coca-Cola (commonly called new Coke ®) and the reintroduction of Coca-Cola classic and the original formula led to multiple slogans. 1985 featured â€Å"America’s Real Choice†, while by 1986,two slogans were used to differenciate the brands,with â€Å"Red,White and Youà ¢â‚¬  for Coca-Cola classic and â€Å"Catch the Waveâ€Å" for Coca-Cola.Some advertisments themselves rise to the level of memorable slogans. The 1971 â€Å"Hilltop† ad featured a song with the words â€Å"I’d Like to Buy the World a Coke†. Althought that wasn’t an actual slogan (the ad in fact was part of the â€Å"It’s Real Thing† campaign), the ad and song lyrics are still so well known today that the lyrics are considered a slogan to many. In January 2003, latest slogan for Coca-Cola was introduced – â€Å"Coca-Cola†¦ Real†. The Campaign(and slogan in turn) reflects genuine, authentic moments in life and the natural role Coca-Cola plays in them.Coca-Cola has been notable for its advertising slogan over the years, since its inception in 1886. †¢ 1886 – Drink Coca-Cola †¢ 1904 – Delicious and refreshing. †¢ 1905 – Coca-Cola revives and sustains. †¢ 1906 – The great nati onal temperance beverage. †¢ 1908 – Good til the last drop †¢ 1917 – Three million a day. †¢ 1922 – Thirst knows no season. †¢ 1923 – Enjoy life. †¢ 1924 – Refresh yourself. †¢ 1925 – Six million a day. †¢ 1926 – It had to be good to get where it is. †¢ 1927 – Pure as Sunlight †¢ 1927 – Around the corner from anywhere. †¢ 1928 – Coca-Cola †¦ pure drink of natural flavors. 1929 – The pause that refreshes. †¢ 1932 – Ice-cold sunshine †¢ 1937 – America's favorite moment. †¢ 1938 – The best friend thirst ever had. †¢ 1938 – Thirst asks nothing more. †¢ 1939 – Coca-Cola goes along. †¢ 1939 – Coca-Cola has the taste thirst goes for. †¢ 1939 – Whoever you are, whatever you do, wherever you may be, when you think ofrefreshment, think of ice cold Coca-Cola. †¢ 1941 – Coca-Cola is Coke! †¢ 1942 – The only thing like Coca-Cola is Coca-Cola itself. †¢ 1944 – How about a Coke? †¢ 1945 – Coke means Coca-Cola. †¢ 1945 – Passport to refreshment. 1947 – Coke knows no season. †¢ 1948 – Where there's Coke there's hospitality. †¢ 1949 – Coca-Cola †¦ along the highway to anywhere. †¢ 1952 – What you want is a Coke. †¢ 1954 – For people on the go. †¢ 1956 – Coca-Cola †¦ makes good things taste better. †¢ 1957 – The sign of good taste. †¢ 1958 – The Cold, Crisp Taste of Coke †¢ 1959 – Be really refreshed. †¢ 1963 – Things go better with Coke. †¢ 1966 – Coke †¦ after Coke †¦ after Coke. †¢ 1969 – It's the real thing. †¢ 1971 – I'd like to buy the world a Coke. †¢ 1974 – Look for the real things. †¢ 1976 – Coke adds life. 1979 –  Have a Coke and a smile †¢ 1982 – Coke is it! †¢ 1985 – America's Real Choice †¢ 1986 – Red White & You (for  Coca-Cola  Classic) †¢ 1986 –  Catch the Wave  (for  New Coke) †¢ 1989 – Can't Beat the Feeling. (also used in the UK) †¢ 1991 – Can't Beat the Real Thing. (for Coca-Cola Classic) †¢ 1993 – Always Coca-Cola. †¢ 2000 – Enjoy. †¢ 2001 – Life tastes good. (also used in the UK) †¢ 2003 – Real. †¢ 2005 – Make It Real. †¢ 2006 – The Coke Side of Life (used also in the UK) †¢ 2007 – Live on the Coke Side of Life (also used in the UK) †¢ 2008 – love it light (also used in the UK) 2009 –  Open Happiness †¢ 2010 – Twist The Cap To Refreshment †¢ 2011 – Life Begins Here Coca-Cola and Santa Claus Though he was not the first artist to create an image of Santa Clau s for Coca-Cola advertising, Haddon Sundblom’s version became the standard for other Santa renditions and is the most-enduring and widespread depiction of the holiday icon to this day. Coca-Cola’s Santa artworks would change the world’s perception of the North Pole’s most-famous resident forever and would be adopted by people around the world as the popular image of Santa.In the 1920s, The Coca-Cola Company began to promote soft drink consumption for the winter holidays in U. S. magazines. The first Santa ads for Coke used a strict-looking Claus. In 1930, a Coca-Cola advertised with a painting by Fred Mizen, showing a department store Santa impersonator drinking a bottle of Coke amid a crowd of shoppers and their children. Not long after, a magical transformation took place. Archie Lee, then the agency advertising executive for The Coca-Cola Company, wanted the next campaign to show a wholesome Santa as both realistic and symbolic.In 1931, the Company com missioned Haddon Sundblom, a Michigan-born illustrator and already a creative giant in the industry, to develop advertising images using Santa Claus. Sundblom envisioned this merry gentleman as an opposite of the meager look of department store Santa imitators from early 20th century America. Sundblom’s Santa was very different from the other Santa artworks: he radiated warmth, reminded people of their favorite grandfather, a friendly man who lived life to the fullest, loved children, enjoyed a little honest mischief, and feasted on snacks left out for him each Christmas Eve.Coca-Cola’s Christmas campaign featuring this captivating Santa ran year after year. As distribution of Coca-Cola and its ads spread farther around the world, Sundblom’s Santa Claus became more memorable each season, in more and more countries. The character became so likable, The Coca-Cola Company and Haddon Sundblom struck a partnership that would last for decades. Over a span of 33 years, Haddon Sundblom painted imaginative versions of the â€Å"Coca-Cola Santa Claus† for for Coke advertising, retail displays and posters.In 1951, Sundblom captured the Coca-Cola Santa â€Å"making his list and checking it twice. † However, the ads did not acknowledge that bad children existed and showed pages of good boys and girls only. Mischievous and magical, the Coca-Cola Santa was not above raiding the refrigerator during his annual rounds, stealing a playful moment with excited children and pets, or pausing to enjoy a Coca-Cola during stops on his one-night, worldwide trek. When air adventures became popular, Santa also could be caught playing with a toy helicopter around the tree.Haddon Sundblom passed away in 1976, but The Coca-Cola Company continues to use a variety of his timeless depictions of Saint Nicholas in holiday advertising, packaging and other promotional activities. The classic Coca-Cola Santa images created by Sundblom are as ubiquitous today as the character they represent and have become universally accepted as the personification of the patron saint of both children and Christmas. [pic] [pic] [pic] Criticism The Coca-Cola Company, its subsidiaries and products have been subject to sustained criticism by both consumer groups and watchdogs, particularly since the early 2000s.Allegations against the company are varied and criticism has been based around; possible health effects of Coca-Cola products, questionable labour practices (including allegations of involvement with paramilitary organisations in suppression of  trade unions), the company's poor  environmental  record, perception of the companies engagement in  monopolistic  business practices, questionable  marketing  strategies and violations of  intellectual property  rights. Perception of the company as behaving unethically has led to the formation of pressure groups such as â€Å"Killer Coke†, boycotts of Coca-Cola and related products and la wsuits.Health effects [pic] [pic] Since studies indicate â€Å"soda and sweetened drinks are the main source of calories in American diet†,most  nutritionists  advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of  calcium,  magnesium,  ascorbic acid,  riboflavin, and  vitamin A. The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of  caffeine, which can cause  physical dependence.A link has been shown between long-term regular  cola  intake and  osteoporosis  in older women (but not men). This was thought to be due to the presence of  phosphoric acid, and the risk was found to be same for caffeinated and noncaffeinated colas, as well as the same for diet and sugared colas. Acidity and tooth decay Numerous court cases have been filed ag ainst the Coca-Cola Company since the 1940s alleging that the  acidity  of the drink is dangerous. In some of these cases, evidence has been presented showing  Coca-Cola  is no more harmful than comparable  soft drinks  or  acidic  fruit juices.Frequent exposure of  teeth  to acidic drinks increases the risk of tooth damage throughdental erosion. This form of tooth decay is unrelated to  dental caries. High fructose corn syrup High fructose corn syrup  was rapidly introduced in many processed foods and soda drinks in the US over the period of about 1975–1985. Since 1985 in the U. S. , Coke has been made with  high fructose corn syrup  instead of  sucrose  to reduce costs. One of the reasons this has come under criticism is because the  corn  used to produce corn syrup often comes from genetically altered plants.Some nutritionists also caution against consumption of high fructose corn syrup because of possible links to  obesity  and  d iabetes. High fructose corn syrup has been shown to be metabolized differently than sugar by the human body. This causes problems with Coke's distribution and bottling network, because specific franchise districts are guaranteed an exclusive market area for Coke products. Mexican-made Coca-Cola may often be found for sale in stores catering to the Hispanic immigrant community.Kosher  for  Passover  Coke is also made with cane sugar, rather than corn syrup, due to the special dietary restrictions for observant Jews. Some  Orthodox Jews  do not consume corn during the holiday. Bottled with yellow caps, this variant can be found in some areas of the US around April. [pic] Conclusion The Coca Cola Company is currently one of the biggest and most recognized soft beverage brands in the world. With over 3000 products in more than 200 countries, the Coca-Cola Company has surely become part of people’s lives.The Coca-Cola Company owes its success to the people who do their b est to achieve the task at hand. In conclusion, Coca-Cola is a successful product, not only because it has built a recognizable logo and brand name, but mostly because it has managed to position its brand in a way that takes advantage of all the elements of marketing mix, place price and promotion/distribution. In doing so, it achieves to develop a brand personality and distinguish itself from competition, while offering consumers a clear view of its brand values.This leads to increased brand loyalty and satisfaction. [pic] Dear Coca-Cola, We do not share a physical or emotional relationship,nor are we related in any way because, even though we’ve both been designed using that incredible material called water, I’m vertebrate and you don’t have a spine. Even though you couldn’t talk, you were great company during those hot summer days and also during the freezing moments of winter. When it comes to you, thirst knows no season. It made my blood boil when th ey said you were a menace to ecology and a threat to the human anatomy.

Jarhead Movie Review

A man fires a rifle for many years, and he goes to war. And afterward he turns the rifle in at the armory, and he believes he's finished with the rifle. But no matter what else he might do with his hands; love a woman, build a house, change his son's diaper; his hands remember the rifle. † Jarred is not a war movie about a physical war between countries; it is about an internal war a soldier faces during, and following a physical war in which he is a witness.The main character, Tony Oxfords tells his story starting at boot camp, through the first Gulf war, and shortly after his discharge; in an attempt to give the audience a better understanding of what happens within a soldiers mind as a result of being in combat. It is incredibly hard to imagine the toll that being in the Marine Corps, and being involved in such a situation, could take on your mind and body but this movie makes a really good attempt.Unlike most war movies Jarred does not focus on the enemy or the war at hand, it gives us here at home a little inside look at what the soldiers experience and why their lives and minds are changed forever. Tony shows us how tot camp tore him down and rebuilt him as a killing machine, â€Å"l wanted the pink mist,† he says referring to the splatter of blood seen through the scope of the rifle of a Marine sniper. There are scenes of the soldiers watching the old war movie, Apocalypse Now, following along with the music, and thirsting for the first sight of bloodshed.The soldiers soon get their orders to go overseas and they think that their war is about to begin. When they fly Into the desert and get their orders to guard the oil fields they assume that this Is Just until the war actually begins. When â€Å"their war† anally does begin, Instead of using their carefully honed skills, they are faced with the reality that, unlike the movies they watched with such fascination, foot soldiers are all but useless In our age of technology. They face Inc redible frustration and aggravation playing the waiting game.For Tony's best friend and spotter, Troy, the frustration reaches a boiling point when their one and only opportunity Is quickly taken away by a commanding officer who rather bomb the tower they were scoping out. â€Å"It's our kill! Just let us do It one time, PLEASE,† Troy pleads with the officer as Tony tries to calm him down. The officer calls the Jets to complete the mission and Troy Is reduced to the fetal position, sobbing uncontrollably. It Is a very painful scene to take In. Just to Imagine how frustrated a grown man has to be to succumb to such a state of utter disappointment.In today's society we have all heard of post- traumatic stress disorder (PETS), watching this movie gives the viewer's Insight as to why/what kinds of events transpire that could cause a person to experience PETS. The scene where they come across a traffic Jam that was turned to ash Is very surreal, owe will those soldiers feel when t hey see or are In a traffic Jam once they return home? The final scene shows Tony looking out the window In his apartment back dying; will always be me. We are still In the desert. The director hammers home the basis that Marines are Marines forever, especially In their own minds. Once they witness war they are forever changed, their life Is never the same. Jarred Movie Review By Confederacy war is about to begin. When they fly into the desert and get their orders to guard the oil fields they assume that this is Just until the war actually begins. When â€Å"their war† anally does begin, instead of using their carefully honed skills, they are faced with are all but useless in our age of technology.They face incredible frustration and frustration reaches a boiling point when their one and only opportunity is quickly out. â€Å"It's our kill! Just let us do it one time, PLEASE,† Troy pleads with the officer as Troy is reduced to the fetal position, sobbing uncontrollably . It is a very painful scene to take in. Just to imagine how frustrated a grown man has to be to succumb to such traumatic stress disorder (PETS), watching this movie gives the viewer's insight as toThe scene where they come across a traffic Jam that was turned to ash is very surreal, how will those soldiers feel when they see or are in a traffic Jam once they return home? The final scene shows Tony looking out the window in his apartment back home, seeing nothing but desert, and he quotes, â€Å"And all the Soreheads; killing and dying; will always be me. We are still in the desert. † The director hammers home the basis that Marines are Marines forever, especially in their own minds. Once they witness war they are forever changed, their life is never the same.

Managing cultural diversity in the workplace environment of singapore Essay

Managing cultural diversity in the workplace environment of singapore - Essay Example During the process, a critical view of the policies and practices and their impact on other aspects of organisational performance would be placed to assess the effectiveness of the policies and practices. Moreover, possible recommendations to tackle these challenges would be suggested based on organisational practices. While the effects of globalization have been so profound that all organisations have to adapt to the changes, diversity is one of the strategies adopted for sustainability and performance. This reflects in their policies and practices with respect to human resources management. Though the western countries adopted this route much earlier, it is relatively newer concept in most of the Eastern nations (Mor-Barack, 2005). This does not mean that the Eastern nations did not employ people from different cultures and ethnic groups; but just that the organisations have started adopting policies and practices to encourage and, to an extent, suit multicultural and diverse populations during last few decades. The most important requirement for managing diversity comes from equal rights act and policies congruent with this act, which create favourable social, legal and organisational environment to all groups of people. Secondly, organisational policies and practices that encourage and support diversified workforce. Globalization has provided extraordinary benefits to organisations, which has enticed many organisations to enter the global market. This has further increased the numbers of people from different backgrounds, cultures, races and ethnic groups to work together at different locations. On the other hand, organisations in some sectors are known to have moved to other places in order to flourish because the legislation there was more conducive to their strategies; for example, Singapore has relaxed legislation

Organization Theories Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organization Theories - Term Paper Example The paper will explain how the organization applies different theories that are part of the complex organizational theory. The paper will focus on how the organization displays all the perspectives of the theory from the classical perspective to the neo-classical perspective. DOL’s characteristics will also be a main area of interest in the paper. Introduction and background of the organization The United States Department of Labor is a large global organization that is one of the departments of the cabinet in the United States. The organization falls under the classification of a complex organization. A complex organization is one which requires strong management bases, and that is beyond the management of a single individual. The mission statement of the organizations summarizes the main functions of the organization. The main functions of the organization are to maintain occupational safety, wage limits, standards of working hours, insurance benefit for the unemployed, and various employment statistics (United States Department of Labor, 2012). Therefore, it is clear that the main concern of DOL is creating an enabling environment that helps in improving the performance and productivity of the employees (United Sates Department of Labor, 2012). The United States Secretary of Labor occupies the highest rank in the hierarchical structure of DOL. DOL classifies its workers by assigning them some codes that are alphabetically arranged. Workers have different codes depending on the rank they occupy in the orga nization (United Sates Department of Labor, 2012). The hierarchical structure in DOL is such that each member becomes aware of his or her duties and responsibilities, and the expected level of performance. However, a critical analysis of the organization will reveal other authoritative hierarchies other than the main hierarchy. Management practices of the organization DOL capitalizes on the impacts of enhancing efficiency of operations in production. Improved efficiency in production leads to the overall success of an organization in the given field. Thus, the organization uses the model of the scientific management theory as a guide towards increasing its overall performance. Taylor’s scientific management theory suggests that efficiency and production should be the key values of any organization. Taylor argues that if an organization defines tasks and operations well and provides incentives to its workers, then the organization is destined to be successful in its operations . DOL exhibits the characteristics of Taylor’s model because its main objective is to establish a platform that looks at the welfare of all workers within and outside the United States. The organization uses cost-effective methods of ensuring that her members are conversant with the current trends in the world and enlightens them for available job opportunities that may arise in the market. It also has training facilities for the employees that help them in adapting to emerging issues and demand. These are among the factors that Taylor refers to as incentives of increasing performance and efficiency. DOL makes sure that all its operations and procedures rhyme across all its members and stakeholders. This is possible due to availability and strength of the available channel of communication between the management and employees. Employees are also part of the major decisions of the organization despite their rank in the hierarchical structure of the organization. This implies t hat there is a complete and continuous flow of

Psychological Testing and Assessment Paper Essay

Psychological Testing and Assessment Paper - Essay Example Psychological test is one of the recognized measurement tools used in psychology. Cohen, Swerdlik and Sturnam (2013) define psychological test as devices and/or procedures used to measure psychological variables with regard to their effects on human life. Cohen, Swerdlik and Sturnam (2013) alternatively define psychological test process of determining psychology related variables through use of procedures and devices designed to produce a sample of behaviors. Counselors, and marriage as well as family therapists rely on psychological tests to accomplish their treatment goals of dysfunctional elements in their clients. Counselors need psychological tests such as interviews and observations to study behaviors and conducts of their clients. Interviews enable counselor to perform personality, intelligence, attitude, brain and behavioral tests on clients. Marriage and family therapists perform personality tests on related individuals facing difficult time to understand inherent motivators to act as they do. Personality tests enable counselors to weigh trust, confidence, courage, self-esteem, understanding, honesty and transparency between and among clients (Nichols, 2013). Measuring trust is usually important in marriage therapy where couples experience problem due to distrust. A married woman may use observations of behavioral change in the partner to suspect infidelity. If the two have not found time to talk about their challenges, the woma n would continue to express distrust in the marriage and behave in a manner that only escalates instability in the marriage. Marriage and family therapists also measure honesty levels in their clients to determine commitment of related members in their relationships. Honesty here, concerns open and truthful communication among members. Therapists understand dishonest communication have great propensity to lead to unstable relationship within families.

Food truck- Entrepreneur Interview and Reflection report Essay

Food truck- Entrepreneur Interview and Reflection report - Essay Example The entire process of learning involved with this module has made me to discover the possibility of effectuation as a suitable tool for advancing on entrepreneurial career, as well as providing important suggestions on how to come up with entrepreneurial skills (Price Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies, 2000). To start with, we are going to have an over view of Tullee’s restaurant which is a Caribbean restaurant located in the northern side of London. It was started in 2008 by Glen Watson who would like to expand the business so as to earn more income. Some of the segmented customers who buy from the restaurant include the local people most of them being working class. Other customers included those who came regularly came for lunch. After careful analysis we realized that most of the restaurant restaurants do not sell Caribbean food and this made us to start serving this food. In order to be competitive, our main focus was on the quality and the prices of food. The business intends to use social media as a way of connecting with the customers. Online orders will also be used where customers can make online orders through their mobile phones. Since the original owner of the restaurant used to have only one supplier, we intend to have several of them so has to increase the supplies. In order to attract new customers, we will provide best offers like price reduction and after sales service to win customer loyalty. For the case of customers who have been loyal, we will use them as referrals who will recommend us to other customers. We will also profile our cost structure appropriately so as to reduce costs as much as possible so as to maximize profits. Most of our valued resources will include: suppliers, employees and customers. According to Baron (2012), learning and reflection is a very important process in life. It

Human Behavioral Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Behavioral Ecology - Essay Example As a result a person develops behavioral strategies to solve different problems that are set by nature like arranging for food, mating, looking after the offspring and maintaining interactions with kin, offspring and other individual. HBE gained popularity between 1960s and the 1970s when there was growing emphasis on animal behavior and evolutionary biology. J.B.S Haldane a British evolutionary biologist by 1956 had already argued that differences of human behavior could be analyzed as responses of different individuals with similar genetic composition exposed to varying environments. But the initial developments of HBE were in the field of foraging, drawn for the optimal foraging theory (OFT). This was because OFT was sophisticated and testable theory by 1980s and because much of the history of human species was spent as foragers. Foragers offer experiments for studying human behavioral variability. If people of today forage for living are constrained by aspects of ecology, then the variations in these limitations, the difficulties imposed by these constraints and the solutions that different individuals adopt to overcome the constraints are open to ethnographic observations. The OFT consists of a groups of mod els addressing resource choice, time allocation and patch choice and diet breadth model that is most commonly used in studying humans. In accordance to this model, individual foragers select food resources that promise to provide maximum nutrition, by trading off the handling and search times associated with acquiring that food source. Foragers often bypass those food sources that yield low post encounter mean rate of nutrition when more profitable food sources are common, but they take a broader array of prey species when more profitable items are rare (Kaplan and Hill, 167-201). Changes in subsistence pattern over a period time can be explained by changes in response to factors like technology, climate changes and availability of foreign imports. Thus new technology can either expand or contract the diet breadth (prey choice), depending on whether the cost of searching and handling the food resources have been affected. The diet breadth models even deals with archaeological deposi ts. For instance, deposits associated with societies that are on the brink of adopting agricultural activities, show increasing exploitation of previously unused sources, like plant food and seeds that require extensive processing. The diet breadth model as such suggests that agriculture emerged many times in history as an alternative in response to decrease in encounter rate with higher ranked nutritional items. Failures to support the foraging model predictions have been just as intriguing as the successes. For instance despite what foraging model suggest that humans acquire food that maximizes their mean acquisition, men go for large preys like animals, ignoring the small food items like plants that are more profitable for increasing their mean acquisition rate. Women on the other hand frequently do the opposite and favor small food items over large preys like animals. These observations have helped in generating two alternative hypotheses. The first hypotheses relates to the differences of constraints, that men maximize their nutritional acquisition through paying attention to the currency that gives more weightage to protein rather than

Sociology and the culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sociology and the culture - Essay Example Multiculturalism can be defined as the notion that American society should be understood as a collection of diverse cultural groups rather than as a single, unified national body on one hand or as simply an aggregate of atomized individuals on the other. A multiculturalism sensibility implies that the government must recognize and respect if not nurture the diversity and integrity of racial and ethnic communities. The reason why different student groups define success in different ways is that different race and ethnical groups have sometimes their own understanding of their roles in American society which based on historical background and in some cases on public opinion. American society still operates in a paradigm in which an individual is a member of the "majority" or the "minority," either White or Non-White. This Black-Non White binary has influenced courts' and legislatures' race-conscious remedies such as school desegregation orders and employment discrimination claims. The White-Non-White paradigm is injurious, because instead of promoting equality, it promotes the dominance of whiteness. "White" becomes the singular point of reference for all other races; if one is not White, the "other" race to which one belongs is immaterial.

International Security in an Era of Globalization Research Paper

International Security in an Era of Globalization - Research Paper Example Security is one of the challenges that have continued to face different countries across the globe and this has led to the development of a common approach by different countries. The United States and countries in the European Union have in past collaborated in the fight against terrorism and cybercrime by sharing essential intelligent information that has assisted in forestalling serious terrorist attacks. Achieving this progress has been possible due to the advances that have been made in globalization front that has brought countries together and led to the development of a common ground and cultural integration. Globalization and democratization therefore have an intimate linkage that has seen each contribute to the development of the other. The process of globalization has created immense changes to different aspects of leadership and governance in the world. Through globalization, geographical separated countries have been brought together and provided room with a common operation. However, the advances in globalization have also led to the separation of some countries and this has contributed to conflict among countries that previously had cordial relationships. One of the quite visible change that globalization has created in different parts of the world is the change in the political culture of different countries around the globe. Through globalization, democratization, a practice that was commonly perfected by the western countries has been spread to other countries across the globe (Wunderlich, 2013). After the popularization of globalization by economists in the 1960s, the need for countries to open up its borders for other countries increased and this led to the emergence of multinationals, international human rights organisations and bodies tasked with promoting democracy and the protection of human rights. The impacts of globalization on the democratization process

Philosophy Communication Barriers Essay Example for Free

Philosophy Communication Barriers Essay (a) How does James think of my intending to say something? Does he think of it as a process in consciousness? James argues that our phrasing â€Å"intended to say† is an almost wrong explanation on a subconscious or even psychic thing that it happening within our minds.   The point is that we never consciously form the words in our minds or even draw upon our memory banks to call to mind images of the thing that we mean to say. Instead, it is an unconscious function of the mind that we hear something and choose to respond to it with some form of language. In the event that the language we choose is wrong, we often react with the phrase. â€Å"What I meant to say was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  James argues that this happens when the precognition of our own mind fails to work rapidly enough to anticipate the reaction of the person we are speaking to and choose the proper words to convey to a thought stream to that specific person. On the most basic level, it means that our minds did not act quickly enough to substitute the proper word into a sentence. For example, imagine talking to your best friend about her sister. The intended sentence would be, â€Å"How’s she doing?† As the speaker you would not have planned out the conversation or thought specifically about what to ask, but when you speak and say, â€Å"How’s he doing?† the immediate response is to say, ‘I meant she. How’s she doing?’ there is never a point at which the conscious mind stops and chooses the words to use. This might therefore make an interesting discussion for linguists and psychologists to determine how speech actually happens. James argues that it is a subconscious thing, which implies then that speech is a learned ability you can train the subconscious mind. Take for example learning to speak another language fluently.   Teachers argue that you cannot speak another language fluently until you can think in that language. The premise is basically the same as what James has argues. If you are completely fluent in the language and someone asks,   â€Å"Que es el nombre del gato?† You will be responding with the cat’s name before the image of the cat is even called to mind. If you are less than fluent, you will need to translate the question before you can answer, thus moving the response from the subconscious speech centers to the conscious mind. [(b) Can the arguments Wittgenstein employs against the idea that understanding words is a conscious process be adapted to show that intending or meaning to say words is not a conscious process that begins before I say them   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wittgenstein argues that the meaning of a word is defined as we use it, not by some memory flash card system begun when we are children.   This then would explain in English the tendency to crease euphemisms and phrases which cannot be translated literally based on the presumed meaning of the individual world. To use his argument, if language were a conscious thing, human speech patterns would always be precise and would never relay on simile, metaphor or any other form of literary device. Instead, in essence, he is arguing that because language to create imagery that is not a specific reflection of the exact meaning of what is said, it is a subconscious action. Likewise then, if the use of language is subconscious and not dependent on a specific meaning when a word is chosen, Wittgenstein’s argument can easily be developed to explain that the use of words or even the development of an answer is not necessarily a conscious thing. Think of it as a sort of language autopilot. Our subconscious mind understands what is being discussed and how to respond to it before the conscious mind has a chance to understand the nature of the question. Therefore, the subconscious mind can formulate a response and begin it before the conscious mind starts to speak. In the event that the conscious mind disrupts the process and inserts its own words, the subconscious mind can send it a message that says, ‘What I meant to say was†¦.† c) James claims that intending to say something is or provides an anticipation or premonition (=knowledge in advance) of the words I will say or think. Do Wittgenstein’s remarks in section. 187-192 show that James is laboring under some misunderstanding about this? Explain. Wittgenstein’s remarks indicate that James is misunderstanding the functioning of the mind by calling the natural process of communication between the conscious and subconscious premonition. He would argue that the act of speech is a sort of subconscious act, with only specific forms of speech coming from the conscious mind. If both parts of the mind are working in proper harmony, the subconscious can formulate and plan a response long before the conscious mind can even think about it. However, this is not a self-premonition or anything as supernatural as James might be implying. Instead, it is a factor of the understanding of the human brain and how it works. Since the body cannot, by definition, understand the workings of the subconscious, we simply must accept that these incidences occur when the subconscious works more rapidly than the conscious mind.   Wittgenstein argues that this is not a premonition, but simply evidence that the mind works much faster than we appreciate. 2.) P. F. Strawson writes: States or experiences†¦owe their identity as particulars to the identity of the person whose states and experiences they are. From this it follows immediately that if they can be identified as particular states and experiences at all, they must be possessed†¦in such a way that it is logically impossible that a particular state or experience in fact possessed by someone should have been possessed by anyone else. The requirements of identity rule out logical transferability of ownership. [Individuals, p. 97] (a) Briefly describe Wittgenstein’s treatment of the idea that â€Å"another person can’t have my pains† in Philosophical Investigations Section 253. (Describe the aims and strategy of his remarks.)[ Wittgenstein disagrees with Strawson, with a tongue-in-cheek sarcasm to illustrate that in the event of Siamese twins, two people could share the exact same pain. Ultimately, though his goal is to demonstrate that identity is not as important to the identification of pain as far as location and intensity. Whether a person has the exact same headache that you are having is not nearly as relevant as the fact that they have had a headache in the past and can therefore commiserate with the pain that you are feeling.   In essence, he is arguing that the sameness of the pain is also irrelevant. When discussing the human condition, it is more important to draw parallels between like circumstances than to throw up semi-rational boundaries such as the identifiers that Strawson used. While it may technically, maybe, be impossible for more than one other person to feel the exact same pain that you are feeling, in the human nature of inexact speech we often use the phrase â€Å"same pain† to indicate that we have been in similar circumstances. Drawing unnecessary barriers by pointing out that our individuality will affect the way that we feel pain does nothing to promote a greater understanding of pain, the nature of the individual, the nature of empathy or the human condition. If Strawson were attempting to define the uniqueness of the individual, his commentary might have been relevant, but in a discussion about the nature of pain, it is divisive and irrelevant. The point is to discuss the sameness of the human condition in that while we may have different understandings of pain, we can interrelate via the concept of pain. For example, two women with menstrual cramps may not be experiencing the same intensity of pain or even the same location, but they can relate based on the similar circumstance. (b) Do observations like those in his PhilosophicalRemarks *2 account for all the ways we use the expression (same) pain?] Wittgenstein’s examples via Philosophical Remarks perhaps do not go far enough in disavowing Strawson’s claims, but he does make a good start. By arguing that the criteria of identifying the sameness of pain involves location and intensity as criteria rather than identity of the person feeling the pain, Wittgenstein effectively argues that Strawson’s claim is false. What he fails to discuss are the non-physical sources of pain and whether they can be the same pain or if Strawson is closer to the mark when using inaccurate language to describe emotional trauma. But here too, if Wittgenstein had desired, he could argue that Strawson’s claim is fundamentally flawed. Again, we go first to the example of identical twins that are raised together. Though there might be some differences in their emotional makeup, for the most part, they are going to feel emotional pain in the same way. But even if we forgo the genetic aspect ad simply discuss emotion as an end result of experience, it seems ludicrous to assume that each of the six billion people on the planet will have experienced life in a completely unique way and will therefore never have the same pain as another person. (c) Push Wittgenstein’s investigation one step further. We say things like this: â€Å"I had two bad headaches today: one in the morning and one in the afternoon†. What are â€Å"criteria† for sameness and difference in such cases? The primary criteria for sameness and difference in this case would be the location of the headache and its intensity. For example, a tension headache might begin at the base of the spine and radiate upward, a sinus headache might begin just below the eyes and a migraine might be a throbbing in the temples. Each can be described as a bad headache depending on the severity and each is unique in its location. However, often people who are prone to headaches will have them in the same location and are given to saying, â€Å"I had that same headache again† to indicate to the listeners that this is a recurring problem in the same location with the same intensity. When language is used precisely, this is an inexact statement, but if the primary purpose of language is to convey meaning to the listener, this can be a much simpler way of saying â€Å"I have a headache again in the same spot as I did yesterday and it hurts the same amount.† Much like with the other discussion, Wittgenstein seems to be challenging his fellow philosophers regarding their choice and use of the language. Because the language itself is inexact, making a claim simply based on the language usage is invalid. (d) Do these cases vindicate Strawson? I do not believe these issues vindicate Strawson at all. It appears that he was doing exact what Wittgenstein was trying to warn against: he was using an imprecise example of language to erect a barrier to human empathy that need not exist. Generally speaking, when a person uses the phrases, â€Å"I feel your pain† it is to indicate that I have been in a similar circumstance and have felt pain because of it. As such, I can empathize with your pain. However, people simply do not talk that way and to expect them to do so is illogical. Therefore, Wittgenstein rebukes Strawson, fairly gently, trying to make him understand that the same is not always the same.   It makes perfect sense when you consider the propensity in English to use the phrase â€Å"exactly the same†. Though sameness implies that two things are alike, we have learned to differentiate between things that are similar and thus the same in casual conversation and things that are identical.

Transition from Highschool to University Essay

Transition from Highschool to University Essay Transition of first year students into the university can be difficult for some students as they are required to adapt into a new environment and learning styles that is different from what they have learned during their previous years in school. This report will provide a discussion about the issues affecting the transition of first year students into university life using the topics discussed in FAP101 and other related texts. There are different issues identified in this report and recommendations have also been provided in order to help students in their first year in university and also to help institutions to help their students adapt into university environments and learning styles.These recommendations are as follows; It is essential for universities to introduce or update orientation programs for students before starting university. Institutions should let the students know about the workloads, the assessment styles and writing conventions during the orientation week. It is also important for the institutions to provide highly trained tutors that can work with students to help them with their problems or uncertainty about the topics in a particular course subject. Some students feel more comfortable when they have more friends that go to the same university as them. Students should be aware of workloads and different styles of assessments and also with writing conventions. Before commencing into university, as a student you are also able to attend open days, even during your HSC year, most universities are already organising open days for new students to give more information to students about the institutions and what to expect. Introduction Making a transition of first year students into academic life at an Australian tertiary institution can be one of the most challenging experiences. It is challenging not only in terms of academic purposes but also as it is the stage in students life where they will most likely to experience emotional, financial and social problems. As a student of tertiary school there will be huge adjustments that will have to be made by students such as adjustments to new learning and teaching styles, assessments styles and writing practices. Despite it all, transition to university life can be challenging to some students yet it is still a very awarding experience they will ever have. 2. Definition Transition is simply defined as moving from one level to another, it is a process and not an event in which it symbolise change, it can be seen as a motion from familiar into unfamiliar (Levin, 1987), for example environment. Transition of first year students is defined as moving up from high school into tertiary levels, changes that all first year students entering university has to tackle on. Student transition is also describes as a category of transitional changes that is needed for students in entering academic life in universities, it is a process of moving from one community to another (Tinto,1988). The students relationship with tertiary education is not the same as the one they had in primary or secondary. University has a more complex and comprehensive environment than secondary schools, and many students give up their closeness with their families, friends, and home to cope within the university life for a few years. The students transition is all about the students dealing with the whole university life and not just simply the university as formal and more academic institutions. Students have to adjust into a new learning styles and new surroundings, also with the people in the institutions they will be interacting with during their university life. The students will be likely to deal with a whole form of challenges during their period of time studying in university: social, personal and intellectual. These transitions are sometimes spoken out in high schools or during the last year of high school to give students a picture of how university will be like for them when they enter it but the truth is that some can be true but many are not. 3. STUDENTS TRANSITION Anthropologist Van Gennep, Tinto (1988) has stated that the cycle of entering the university moves through three distinct stages separation, transition and incorporation. 3.1 Separation during the separation stage, student will require to disconnect their selves from their connections of prior relationships with communities such as high school or home environments or anything that are atleast less stressful in order to adapt university life. 3.2 Transition students will find themselves interacting to other people with a completely new environment and learning strategies, and in order to make connections they have to blend in. During the transition stage, students have not quite accomplished the separation stage and still not obtained the academic and social interaction with the new stage of their learning. As Anthropologist Van Gennep, Tinto proposed, it is the stage where the process of moving from one community to another is taking place and he also said that this stage can be more or less stressful and difficult for some students. The first two stages is where students are often in greater risk of dropping out from their courses (Hillman, 2005) 3.3 Incorporation means inclusion, it is the final stage of the model that has been proposed by Tinto. It is the stage where students face difficulties in adopting the standards suitable to the new environment or setting, and in this case, it is the university or any tertiary levels. In order to accomplish this stage, students have to allocate contacts with different members from the institutions to set up social and academic connections. 4. ISSUES AFFECTING STUDENTS TRANSITION There are three identified main sections in which transition can be problematic, they are as follows; students anxiety, adjustment processes, and the continuity with respect to the curriculum (Hargreaves, et al 1996). Although they only have studied primary and secondary transitions, it is also identified that their findings are also relevant to other contexts such as the university or in the workplace. People tend to worry their selves when entering a new stage of their life, just like how students worry when entering university life. This can be a big problem when all they think about is the negative sides. The second section is the adjustment processes, as a new university students, you will have to adjust to the new environment and new learning styles. Continuity with respect to subject course studies can be problematic because some people are not aware of the difference of the subject studied in high school and universities, in terms of workloads and assessments style. If these problems that have been stated by Hargreaves, Earl and Ryan (1996) continued, this could lead to withdrawal or dropping out of a student from university studies. 4.1 Expectations of students prior to commencement During the final year of secondary school, most institutions chose to expose the students into basic academic strategies. It is to help supplement their students learning in to more academic stage to give them a basic image of how university will be like when they get to tertiary levels but despite it all, it is not enough. Most students have failed to adapt the academic transition when they enter university because they only have a basic knowledge about university life. The most common expectations first year students have of university life are as follows: -having fun during their studies, -meeting new people and making friends with them, Freedom that they never had during secondary studies. -more interesting subjects When students start their first few weeks in the university, they will find that the expectations theyve had prior to commencing university studies are actually the other way around. It is actually difficult to make friends, and that they will find out that there are much heavier workloads than they have expected during their high school life, and more. 4.2 The most common issues faced by first year student Are the following: fitting in to the new environment, most students undertaking their first year at the university are having hard times fitting into the new environment. University campuses are wide and groups of buildings can be associated with the institutions. Finding rooms can be a real hassle especially when the university is consists of different buildings. -making new friends, most students often start their first year at the university excited in making friends and meeting new people but sometimes, university is not described as a friendly place, as more students going to the university are more focus on their academic life than their social life. -University workload, this is one of the issues that cause a student to withdraw and give up their studies. It is because of their lack of confidence and usually these types of students are the ones who do not know how to manage their time for every subject which ended them up of leaving behind their study course. 5. CONCLUSION First year at universities are highly important in students life as they are now entering a different and a higher stage of education, it is significant yet its very challenging. Making the transition to academic life at an Australian university can be one of the most difficult and challenging experiences faces by first year students. Transition to the university life have also been one of the reasons why some students withdraws from their study, as they have experienced hard times or lack of self confidence to tackle the new stage of education. In order for students to achieved this stage of their life many institutions have introduced programs to help students and encourage them on how to be more focused in their studies and how to overcome the issues discussed in this report. 6. RECOMMENDATIONS It is essential for universities to introduce or update orientation programs for students before starting university. Institutions should provide a culture of university and also give the students advice in entering the university. It is also the students responsible to research information about the university they are planning to enroll in, in order to have knowledge about it when starting their tertiary education. Institutions should let the students know about the workloads, the assessment styles and writing conventions during the orientation week, so students can learn how to manage their times prior to commencing university studies. It is also a good idea for institutions to provide programs during the orientation week for first years students to get to know each other It is also important for the institutions to provide highly trained tutors that can work with students to help them with their problems or uncertainty about the topics in a particular course subject. Also a highly trained counsellor to help students with their problems outside university life, such as family problems and help them assist and overcome these issues to maintain the grades. Some students feel more comfortable when they have more friends that go to the same university as them. In order to make new friends and get the ability to get to know other people from the university, you have to be friendly to them and enhance your communication skills. Respect others if you want them to respect you too. Students should be aware of workloads and different styles of assessments and also with writing conventions. Students also have to be aware that entering a tertiary stage means that they have to be thinking more critically and more academic as they are now treated as adult. They should also be aware that lecturers are not as reliable as the teachers you had in high school, they expect you to be acting and thinking academically. Before commencing into university, as a student you are also able to attend open days, even during your HSC year, most universities are already organising open days for new students to give more information to students about the institutions and what to expect.